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Attal: Lords Of Doom

Attal: Lords of Doom

Attal: Lords of Doom is a multiplayer, turn-based strategy computer game, that can be played alone (against AI) or against other through a network (local or internet). It is free software under the GNU General Public License and developed collaboratively—code, graphics, sounds etc. have been contributed by many people from around the world. Its latest version is 0.10. Category:Open source games

Turn-based game

A turn-based game, also known as turn-based strategy, is a game where the game flow is partitioned in well-defined and visible parts, called turns or rounds. For example, when the game flow unit is time, turns represent units of time, like years, months, weeks, or days. A player of a turn-based game is allowed a period of analysis before committing to a game action, ensuring a separation between the game flow and the thinking process, which in turn leads presumably to better solutions. Once every player has taken his turn, that round of play is over, and any special shared processing, is done. This is followed by the next round of play.

Types

TBS games come in two flavors, depending on whether inside a turn players play simultaneously or take their (mini-)turns. The former games fall into the simultaneously-executed TBS games, with Diplomacy a notable example. The latter games fall into player-alternated TBS games, and are subsequently subdivided into (A) ranked, (B) round-robin start, and (C) random, the difference being the order under which players start within a turn, (A) the first player being the same every time, (B) the first player selection policy is round-robin, and (C) the first player is randomly selected. Most board games are turn-based, otherwise gameplay would most likely get out of hand. Many single-player strategic video games are also turn-based. However, when a particular player gains access to the game during his/her turn it is not uncommon to value the time taken by the player to make the move to improve the fairness of the game. In Chess, a pair of stop clocks may be used to track the time taken by players to make their moves. Turn-based gaming refers to Internet gaming sites that allow for game play to extend beyond a single session, over long periods of time—often taking months for complex games like Go or Chess to finish.

Examples

Example board games

- Risk, Monopoly, Parcheesi, Scrabble, Sorry!, Uno, Poker, Chess, Go, Othello, Diplomacy, Draughts

Examples Play-by-mail games

Play-by-email TBS games allow the orders to be passed in a very loose synchronization mechanism: email. In a way, it's the modern successor of the old play-by-mail style used in Europe in the mid-17th century: two chess players would be able to play together from miles away, if they could transmit their moves through some fast transport service, which happened to be (horse-powered) mail (postallion). PbeM examples: Atlantis PbeM or Dominions II.

Example computer games

Mainstream companies

After a period of converting board and historic TBS games to computer games, the big companies have started to come up with new ideas for computer TBS games. Probably the best known turn-based game is Sid Meier's Civilization, which evolved into a long series of successor games and derivatives. Other notable examples include:
- Heroes of Might and Magic
- Jagged Alliance
- Magic: The Gathering
- Roguelike games
- X-COM For a more complete list of turn-based games, see:
- List of turn-based computer and video games In addition, many other games that are not generally turn-based have the notion of turns during specific sequences. Notably the roleplaying game Fallout is turn-based in the combat phase, allowing players and foes to lay up tactics against each other.

Indie game developers

An interesting market trend is the rise of Indie TBS games (games produced by small groups, independent or slightly affiliated with the computer games industry), which normally extend or refine one or another already existing TBS strategy games. Amongst others, three good examples are
- [http://www.ageofcastles.com/ Age of Castles],
- [http://www.battlesofnorghan.com/ Battles of Norghan] and
- [http://www.suntasticsoftware.com/leaderz.html Leaderz].

Open source games

Open source has also seen the rise to games such as [http://www.wesnoth.org/ The Battle for Wesnoth]. Directories such as [http://freshmeat.net/browse/83/ Freshmeat] provide large lists of open source turn-based strategy projects.

Strategy computer game

Strategy games are typically board games, video or computer games with the players' decision-making skills having a high significance in determining the outcome. Many games include this element to a greater or lesser degree, making demarcation difficult. It is therefore more accurate to describe a particular game as having a degree of strategic elements. Strategy (and tactics) are usually contrasted with luck, games exist on a continuum from pure skill to pure chance.

Abstract strategy

In abstract strategy games, the game is only loosely tied to a real-world theme, if at all. The mechanics do not attempt to simulate reality, but rather serve the internal logic of the game. Chess, checkers, and go are excellent examples.

Simulation

This type of game is an attempt to capture the decisions inherent to some real-world situation. Most of the mechanics are chosen to reflect what the real-world consequences would be of each player action and decision. Abstract games cannot be cleanly divided from simulations and so games can be thought of as existing on a continuum of almost pure abstraction (like Abalone) to almost pure simulation (like Strat-o-Matic Baseball).

Real-time strategy

Usually applied only to certain computer strategy games, the moniker "real-time strategy" indicates that the action in the game is continuous, and players will have to make their decisions and actions within the backdrop of a constantly changing game state. Very few non-computer strategy games are real-time; one example is Icehouse. The game considered the father of RTS games is Dune II, by Westwood Studios, and was followed by their seminal Command & Conquer. Cavedog's Total Annihilation (1997), Blizzard's Warcraft (1994) series and StarCraft (1998), and Ensemble Studios' Age of Empires (1997) series are some of the most popular RTS games.

Turn-based

The term "turn-based strategy game" (TBS) is usually reserved for certain computer strategy games, to distinguish them from real-time computer strategy games. A player of a turn-based game is allowed a period of analysis before committing to a game action. The most notable games of this genre are the Civilization, Heroes of Might and Magic, Jagged Alliance, Total War, Master of Orion and X-COM series. TBS games come in two flavors, differenciated by whether players make their plays simultaneously or take turns. The former types of games are called simultaneously-executed TBS games, with Diplomacy a notable example. The latter games fall into the player-alternated TBS games category, and are subsequently subdivided into (a) ranked, (b) round-robin start, and (c) random, the difference being the order under which players take their turns. With (a), ranked, the players take their turns in the same order every time. With (b), the first player is selected according to a round-robin policy. With (c), random, the first player is, of course, randomly selected. Almost all non-computer strategy games are turn-based; however, the personal computer game market trend has lately inclined more towards real-time strategy games.

War game

War games are simulations of historical or hypothetical military battles, campaigns or entire wars. Players will have to consider situations that are analogous to the situations faced by leaders of historical battles. As such, war games are usually heavy on simulation elements. Some games of this type will use physical models of detailed terrain and miniature representations of people and equipment to depict the game state. A popular wargame with physical models is Warhammer 40,000. Diplomacy and Global Diplomacy are also strategic wargames.

City building

City-building games are a type of computer strategy game, where players, normally from a point-of-view high in the sky, can build and manage a simulated city. City building games normally do not support online or hotseat play. The most notable games of this genre are the Simcity by Maxis and the City Building Series by Impressions Games.

Free software

:This article is about Free Software as defined by the sociopolitical Free Software movement; for information on software distributed without charge, see freeware. For other uses, see free software (disambiguation). Free software, as defined by the Free Software Foundation, is software which can be used, copied, studied, modified and redistributed without restriction. Freedom from such restrictions is central to the concept of "free software", such that the opposite of free software is proprietary software, and not software which is sold for profit, such as commercial software. Free software may sometimes be known as libre software, FLOSS, or open source software.

Usage

To help distinguish libre (freedom) software from gratis (zero price) software, Richard Stallman, founder of the Free Software Movement, developed the following explanation: "Free software is a matter of liberty not price. To understand the concept, you should think of 'free' as in 'free speech', not as in 'free beer'". More specifically, free software means that computer users have the freedom to cooperate, and to control the software they use. Most free software is distributed gratis online, or off-line for the marginal cost of distribution, but this is not required, and people may sell copies for any price. The capitalized term "Open Source" is attached to a definition originally created in 1998 from Debian's rewrite of the GNU definition of "Free Software". As a result, nearly all Open Source programs are Free Software, but there are some exceptions. Although the open source and free software movements share almost identical license criteria and development practices, according to Stallman the respective philosophical values of the two movements are fundamentally different. Stallman endorses the terms Free/Libre/Open-Source Software ("FLOSS") and Free and Open Source Software ("F/OSS") to refer to "open source" and "free software" respectively, without necessarily choosing between or dividing the two camps, but he asks people to consider supporting the "free software" camp (see Open source vs. free software for more information). "Freeware" is software made available free of charge, but is generally proprietary, as users do not have the freedom to use, copy, study, modify or redistribute. Source code for freeware may or may not be published, and permission to distribute modified versions may or may not be granted, so freeware is gratis, and not libre software.

History

A brief history of Free Software:
- 1960s and 1970s — software was seen as an add-on supplied by mainframe vendors to make computers useful. Thus, programmers and developers frequently shared their software freely. This was especially common in large users groups, such as DECUS, the DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation) Users Group.
- Late 1970s and early 1980s — companies began routinely imposing restrictions on programmers with software license agreements. Sometimes this was because companies were now making money from commercialised software or they were trying to keep hardware characteristics secret by hiding the source code. Other times it was because of the increasingly corporatised attitude in the growing and previously eclectic industry saw protecting intellectual property as a norm even if it didn't provide any benefit to business. Bill Gates signalled the change of the times when he wrote a famous open letter where he urged hackers to stop stealing by breaking licence agreements.
- 1983 — Richard Stallman thought of the GNU project (Actual writing of GNU started in January 1984), founding the Free Software Foundation (FSF)[http://www.gnu.org/fsf/fsf.html] two years later, after becoming frustrated with the effects of the change in culture of the computer industry and users. One incident was when a printer wouldn't work but he couldn't hack the source code to fix the problem because it was withheld. He introduced a "free software" definition and "copyleft", designed to ensure software freedom for all. [http://cisn.metu.edu.tr/2002-6/free.php] Many reacted strongly against Stallman's position as idealistic nonsense and he was strongly mocked and criticised.

Free software licenses

According to Stallman and the FSF, "free" software licenses grant:
- the freedom to run the program for any purpose (called "freedom 0")
- the freedom to study and modify the program ("freedom 1")
- the freedom to copy the program so you can help your neighbor ("freedom 2")
- the freedom to improve the program, and release your improvements to the public, so that the whole community benefits ("freedom 3") Freedoms 1 and 3 require source code access, because studying and modifying software without source code is extremely difficult and highly inefficient compared to modifying annotated source code. The FSF web site provides a list of many free software licenses. [http://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html] The list is necessarily incomplete, because a license need not be known to the FSF in order to provide these freedoms. "Proprietary software" is distributed under more restrictive software licenses. Copyright law and/or contract law restrict modification, duplication and redistribution by users; software released under a free software license rescinds most of these reserved rights. The FSF free software definition disregards price. CDs containing free software such as GNU/Linux distributions are commonly for sale. However, since the CD buyer still has the free software freedoms, it is free software. Free beer software (freeware) which includes restrictions that confict with the FSF definition are considered proprietary. For example, source code may be unavailable, redistributors may be prohibited charging fees, etc. Some people use "libre" to avoid the ambiguity of the word "free". However, these terms are mostly used within the free software movement and are slowly spreading. Variations on free software as defined by the FSF:
- Copyleft licenses, the GNU General Public License being the most prominent. The author retains copyright and permits redistribution and modification under terms to ensure that all modified versions remain free.
- Public domain software - the author has abandoned the copyright. Since public-domain software lacks copyright protection, it may be freely incorporated into any work, whether proprietary or free.
- BSD-style licenses, so called because they are applied to much of the software distributed with the BSD operating systems. The author retains copyright protection solely to disclaim warranty and require proper attribution of modified works, but permits redistribution and modification in any work, even proprietary ones. A copyright owner of copyleft-licensed software can produce and sell a version under any license, in addition to distributing the original version as free software. Many free software companies do this; this does not restrict any rights granted to the users of the copyleft version. All free software licenses must grant people all the freedoms discussed above. However, unless the applications' licenses are compatible, combining programs by mixing source code or directly linking binaries is problematic, because of license technicalities. Programs indirectly connected together may avoid this problem.

Examples of free software

Notable free software:
- Operating systems: GNU/Linux, BSD, and Darwin.
- GCC compilers, GDB debugger and C libraries.
- Servers: BIND name server, Sendmail mail transport, Apache web server, and Samba file server.
- Relational database systems: MySQL and PostgreSQL.
- Programming languages: Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby and Tcl.
- GUI related: X Window System, GNOME and KDE desktop environments.
- OpenOffice.org office suite, Mozilla and Firefox web browsers and the GIMP graphics editor.
- Typesetting and document preparation systems TeX and LaTeX.
- MediaWiki, the software which runs Wikipedia. The Free Software Directory is a free software project that maintains a large database of free software packages. Much free software supports the non-free Microsoft Windows or non-free Unix platforms, and non-free software can support free platforms, although purists prefer all-free software on a free platform such as GNU/Linux. Free software packages constitute a software ecosystem where software provides services, resulting in mutual benefit: for instance, the Apache web server handling the HTTP protocol, using mod_python to provide dynamic content.

Social significance of free software

Soon after free software begins circulation, it becomes available at little to no cost. When free software spreads, its utility is constant, or even increases due to network effects. Thus, free software is a pure public good rather than a private good. Another way free software is thought to be significant to society is due to its freedoms that result in lower cost than proprietary software. Due to this fact free software is becoming popular in third world countries. Furthermore, the openness of free software eases internationalization. International cooperation through free association produces most free software. The Oekonux and Hipatia projects contend free association could produce everything. Free association is also used for wiki writing, such as Wikipedia and give-away shops. While the politics of Free Software are unclear it is clear that it has become not only economically but also politically significant. SCO CEO Darl McBride and others have tended to characterise Free Software as communist while others maintain that its economic footprint is largely free market oriented and therefore capitalist, particularly for businesses with a services model. It is perhaps more interesting to analyse Free Software's goals - its four freedoms - in terms of positive and negative liberty. Before proceeding, it is worth noting that a computer program is inanimate and therefore not political in its own right. When we speak of the politics of Free Software, we seek to understand its social effects in the larger human context. The four freedoms are couched in positive language, simply, users are granted the "freedom to" run, modify and reproduce the software but not granted "freedom from" anything that might prevent them from doing so. This observation is flawed when free software licences are considered in contrast to the proprietary licencing alternative. Users are given the right to use software for any purpose and are therefore free from the protective clauses of proprietary licences that are designed to limit liability or increase profits for a single vendor. If users wish to employ a Free Software program to develop nuclear weapons or service the needs of 1000 colleagues then they are not prevented from doing so by contract but only by circumstances unrelated to the licence, such as local laws and computer hardware. Similarly, the freedom to modify a program and release your improvements can also be seen as protecting groups within society from external coercion by more powerful groups through the deployment of technical implementations that prevent certain kinds of communication or activity. As an example, users are granted sufficient rights that they can correct any technical flaws in the software that affect their choice of software product that they wish to use by adding features, removing incompatibilities or creating new versions with new interopability functions. It is this and related effects on the technology market that have tended to lead to a capitalist or right-wing interpretation.

Individual motivations

Individuals within a team typically have a wide variety of motivations. Stances on the relationship between free software and the existing capitalist economic system:
- Competition - free software and capitalism are incompatible, so more free software results in less capitalism.
- Inter-market competition - free software is a form of competition within capitalism. Copyright is governmental market restriction.
- Gift economy - status depends on gifts.

Relative security

There is controversy over the security of free software vs. proprietary software (a major issue being security through obscurity). A popular relative security measurement is counting known unpatched security flaws. Generally, users of this method advise avoiding products which lack fixes for known security flaws, at least until a fix is available.

Free software controversies

The BitKeeper controversy in the free software movement illustrates the movement's major issues and points of view. Larry McVoy invited high-profile free software projects to use BitKeeper to attract paying users. In 2002 a controversial decision was made to use BitKeeper, a proprietary software product, to develop the Linux kernel, a free software project. The excerpt below illustrates why this proved to be a major source of controversy. :"McVoy made the program available gratis to free software developers. This did not mean it was free software for them: they were privileged not to part with their money, but they still had to part with their freedom. They gave up the fundamental freedoms that define free software: freedom to run the program as you wish for any purpose, freedom to study and change the source code as you wish, freedom to make and redistribute copies, and freedom to publish modified versions. :The Free Software Movement has said "Think of free speech, not free beer" for 15 years. McVoy said the opposite; he invited developers to focus on the lack of monetary price, instead of on freedom. A free software activist would dismiss this suggestion, but those in our community who value technical advantage above freedom and community were susceptible to it. ... :A free kernel, even a whole free operating system, is not sufficient to use your computer in freedom; we need free software for everything else, too. Free applications, free drivers, free BIOS: some of those projects face large obstacles -- the need to reverse engineer formats or protocols or pressure companies to document them, or to work around or face down patent threats, or to compete with a network effect. Success will require firmness and determination. A better kernel is desirable, to be sure, but not at the expense of weakening the impetus to liberate the rest of the software world." [http://software.newsforge.com/article.pl?sid=05/04/25/130207] McVoy withdrew permission for gratis use by free software projects. Many in the free software movement see the whole affair as a vindication of Richard Stallman's principled position over the more utilitarian approach of Linus Torvalds.

External links

- [http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html The Free Software Definition] - published by FSF
- [http://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html FSF's list of free software licenses], including clarifications on often confused non-free licenses
- [http://www.gnu.org/directory FSF/UNESCO directory of free software packages]
- [http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/ The GNU philosophy pages]
- [http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.html FSF's comparison of "Open Source" and "Free Software"]
- [http://www.dwheeler.com/oss_fs_why.html Why Open Source Software / Free Software (OSS/FS)? Look at the Numbers!] — David Wheeler's analysis of the advantages of OSS/FS.
- [http://www.freebsdsoftware.org A free software repository for Linux, and FreeBSD]. Category:Free software Category:Application software Category:Software zh-min-nan:Chū-iû nńg-thé ko:자유 소프트웨어 ja:フリーソフトウェア simple:Free software th:ซอฟต์แวร์เสรี

Source code

Source code (commonly just source or code) is any series of statements written in some human-readable computer programming language. In modern programming languages, the source code which constitutes a program is usually in several text files, but the same source code may be printed in a book or recorded on tape (usually without a filesystem). The term is typically used in the context of a particular piece of computer software. A computer program's source code is the collection of files that can be converted from human-readable form to an equivalent computer-executable form. The source code is either converted into an executable file by a compiler for a particular computer architecture, or executed on the fly from the human readable form with the aid of an interpreter. The code base of a programming project is the larger collection of all the source code of all the computer programs which make up the project. There is utility in this sort of aggregation as often the same source code file will be used by more than one of a project's different programs.

Purposes

Source code is either used to produce object code, or to be run by an interpreter. Modifications are not carried out on object code, but on source code, and then converted again. Another important purpose of source code is for the description of software. Also, source code has a number of other uses. It can be used as a tool of learning; beginning programmers often find it helpful to review existing source code to learn about programming techniques and methodology. It is also used as a communication tool between experienced programmers, due to its (ideally) concise and unambiguous nature. The sharing of source code between developers is frequently cited as a contributing factor to the maturation of their programming skills. Source code can be an expressive artistic medium; consider, for example, obfuscated code or [http://www.perlmonks.org PerlMonks.Org]. Source code is a vital component in the activity of porting software to alternative computer platforms. Without the source code for a particular piece of software, portability is generally so difficult as to be impractical and even impossible. Binary translation can be used to run a program without source code, but not to maintain it. Decompilation can be used to generate source code where none exists, and with some manual effort, maintainable source code can be produced (VEW04). Programmers frequently borrow source code from one piece of software to use in other projects, a concept which is known as Software reusability. Source code is in a High Level Language format, and needs to be translated to Machine Code before being executed by the C.P.U. Assemblers and Compilers are needed for this translation.

Organization

The source code for a particular piece of software may be contained in a single file or many files. A program's source code is not necessarily all written in the same programming language; for example, it is common for a program to be written primarily in the C programming language, with some portions written in Assembly language for optimization purposes. It is also possible for some components of a piece of software to be written and compiled separately, in an arbitrary programming language, and later integrated into the software using a technique called library linking. Moderately complex software customarily requires the compilation or assembly of several, sometimes dozens or even hundreds, of different source code files. This complexity is reduced considerably by the inclusion of a Makefile with the source code, which describes the relationships among the source code files, and contains information about how they are to be compiled. The revision control system is another tool frequently used by developers for source code maintenance.

Licensing

Software, and its accompanying source code, typically falls within one of two licensing paradigms: Free software and Proprietary software. Generally speaking, software is free if the source code is free to use, distribute, modify and study, and proprietary if the source code is kept secret, or is privately owned and restricted. The provisions of the various copyright laws are often used for this purpose, though trade secrecy is also relied upon. For a further discussion of the differences between these paradigms, and the divisions within them, see software license.

Legal issues

As of 2003, court systems are in the process of deciding whether source code should be considered a Constitutionally protected form of free speech in the United States. Proponents of the free speech argument claim that because source code conveys information to programmers, is written in a language, and can be used to share humour and other artistic pursuits, it is a protected form of communication. The opposing view is that source code is functional, more than artistic speech, and is thus not protected by First Amendment Rights of the U.S. Constitution. One of the first court cases regarding the nature of source code as free speech involved University of California mathematics professor Dan Bernstein, who had published on the internet the source code for an encryption program that he created. At the time, encryption algorithms were classified as munitions by the United States government; exporting encryption to other countries was considered an issue of national security, and had to be approved by the State Department. The Electronic Frontier Foundation sued the U.S. government on Bernstein's behalf; the court ruled that source code was free speech, protected by the First Amendment. In 2000, in a related court case, the issue was again brought under some scrutiny when the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) sued the 'hacker' magazine 2600 and a number of other websites for distributing the source code to DeCSS, an algorithm capable of decrypting scrambled DVD discs. The algorithm was developed to allow people to play legally purchased DVDs on the Linux operating system, which had no DVD software at the time. The US District court decision favored the MPAA; 2600 magazine was prohibited from posting or linking to the source code on their website. This ruling was widely considered a victory for the supporters of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, as it established a legal precedent for the notion that source code is not Constitutionally protected free speech. It was affirmed by the Appeals Court and as of late 2003 is being appealed to the US Supreme Court.

Quality

The way a program is written can have important consequences for its maintainers. Many source code programming style guides, which stress readability and some language-specific conventions are aimed at the maintenance of the software source code, which involves debugging and updating. Other issues also come into considering whether code is well written, such as the logical structuring of the code into manageable sections. See Software quality.

Reference

(VEW04) "Using a Decompiler for Real-World Source Recovery", M Van Emmerik and T Waddington, the Working Conference on Reverse Engineering, Delft, Netherlands, 9th-12th November 2004. [http://www.itee.uq.edu.au/~emmerik/experience_long.pdf Extended version of the paper].

External links

- [http://www.nupedia.com/article/738/ Nupedia article]
- [http://sources.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource:Source_code Wikisource:Source Code]
- [http://www.koders.com/ Koders - Source Code Search Engine]
- [http://www.codase.com/ Codase - Source Code Search Engine]
- ms:Kod sumber ja:ソースコード

Category:Open source games

These are open source computer games. Category:Free software Category:Computer and video game development

Richard Burns

Richard Burns (Reading (Groot-Brittannië), 17 januari 1971 - 25 november 2005) was een Brits autocoureur. Tot 2003 kwam hij uit in het World Rally Championship. Hij won het wereldkampioenschap rally in 2001 met een Subaru Impreza WRC. In 2003 werd hij gedwongen zijn carrière als autocoureur af te breken toen bij hem een astrocytoom, een bepaald type hersentumor, werd geconstateerd, die hem op 34-jarige leeftijd fataal werd.

Biografie

Richard Burns zat als achtjarig jongetje voor het eerst achter het stuur van een auto. Op zijn dertiende werd hij door zijn vader naar een rallyschool in Wales gestuurd. In 1990 begon het echte werk toen de dan negentienjarige Burns met een Peugeot 205 GTI locale rally's ging rijden. Hij stapte over naar Subaru en werd in 1993 Brits rallykampioen met een Subaru Legacy. Nadat hij in de voorgaande jaren sporadisch meedeed aan rally's die meetelden voor het wereldkampioenschap, volgde in 1998 een eerste volledig seizoen in het World Rally Championship met een Mitsubishi Lancer EVO. Hij won in Kenia de loodzware Safari Rally. In 1999 keerde Burns met zijn inmiddels vaste navigator Robert Reid terug naar Subaru. Hij won drie rally's met de Subaru Impreza WRC en eindigde als tweede in de strijd om het WK. Een jaar later won hij vier rally's, maar werd opnieuw tweede. Het seizoen 2001 begon slecht voor Burns. Hij had na de eerste drie rally's slechts drie WK-punten bijeengesprokkeld. Daarna ging het beter en behaalde Burns meerdere malen het podium, waarvan hij in Nieuw-Zeeland de hoogste trede betrad. In de tweede helft van het seizoen lieten Burns' belangrijkste concurrenten Colin McRae en Tommi Mäkinen veel punten liggen. Dat maakte Burns de eerste Engelse wereldkampioen rally-rijden. In 2002 stapte Burns over naar Peugeot maar dat liep uit op een teleurstelling. De Peugeot 206 WRC was een snelle maar onbetrouwbare auto. Burns won één rally, maar door de vele technische problemen werd Burns slechts vijfde in de WK-strijd. Ondanks de problemen met de auto bleef Burns in 2003 bij Peugeot. Hij boekte geen overwinningen, maar behaalde genoeg podiumplaatsen om lange tijd aan de leiding te gaan in de strijd om het WK. Uiteindelijk was het Petter Solberg die kampioen werd. Tegen het eind van het seizoen 2003 had hij al een contract op zak om in de volgende jaren voor weer Subaru te gaan rijden. Toen hij echter, rijdend in een auto, een grote black-out kreeg, werd duidelijk dat er met hem iets niet in orde was. Bij de beoordeling van hersenscans werd de diagnose astrocytoom, een bepaald type hersentumor, gesteld. Burns werd daarom gedwongen zijn carrière als autocoureur te beëindigen. Hij bleef wel actief binnen de autosport, maar op een heel andere manier: hij bracht net als zijn collega Colin McRae een computerspel uit, Richard Burns Rally. Na een lange behandeling met chemotherapie en radiotherapie en een aanvankelijk succesvol verlopen operatie in april 2005, verloor Burns de strijd tegen de hersentumor. Hij overleed, na een korte coma, op 25 november 2005, exact vier jaar na de datum waarop hij wereldkampioen werd.

Overwinningen in het World Rally Championship

Wereldkampioen

- 2001

Rally-zeges

- 1998 - Rally's van Kenia en Groot-Brittannië
- 1999 - Rally's van Griekenland Australië en Groot-Brittannië
- 2000 - Rally's van Portugal, Kenia, Argentinië en Groot-Brittannië
- 2001 - Rally van Nieuw-Zeeland
- 2002 - Rally van Argentinië
- 2003 - Geen overwinningen Burns, Richard Burns, Richard

Externe links

- [http://www.richardburns.com Officiële homepage Richard Burns]
- [http://www.wrc.com Officiële homepage World Rally Championship] ja:リチャード・バーンズ

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The small-headed cod (Lepidion microcephalus) is a deepwater fish belonging to the morid cods family (Moridae), and related to the true cods (genus Gadus). It is also known as the long-finned cod. The descriptive alias highlights its long upper fin. It has a pronounced chin barbel. It is found in the Tasman Sea, including 17 March 1865 – 16 December 1922) was the first elected President of the Republic of Poland. Born in Telsze (now Telšiai in Lithuania), Narutowicz had from 1908

Small-headed Cod
The small-headed cod (Lepidion microcephalus) is a deepwater fish belonging to the morid cods family (Moridae), and related to the true cods (genus Gadus). It is also known as the long-finned cod. The descriptive alias highlights its long upper fin. It has a pronounced chin barbel. It is found in the Tasman Sea, including Arabic المملكة المغربية) is a country in northwest Africa. It has a long coastline on the Atlantic Ocean that reaches past the Strait of Gibraltar into the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Read More...

Polish-American music
The vast majority of the inhabitants of the United States are immigrants or descendents of immigrants. This article will focus on the music of these communities and discuss its roots in countries across Africa, Europe and Asia, excluding only Native American music,

Bizen Province
Bizen (備前国 -no kuni) was a province of Japan on the Inland Sea side of Honshu, in what is today the southeastern part of Okayama Prefecture. Bizen borders Mimasaka,

Stapler
A stapler is a device that binds together sheets of paper by driving a thin metal staple through the sheets and folding over the ends to secure the paper. It is commonly found in offices or other places that process large amounts of paper.

History

The first stapler in recorded history was the stapling machine or fastener of King L

Bitchu Province
Bitchu (備中国 -no kuni) was a province of Japan on the Inland Sea side of western Honshu, in what is today western Okayama Prefecture. Bitchu bordered Hoki, Read More...

Bingo Province
Bingo (備後国 -no kuni) was a province of Japan on the Inland Sea side of western Honshu, comprising what is today the eastern part of Hiroshima Prefecture. Bingo bordered Bitchu,

Attal: Lords of Doom

Turn-based game

Types

Examples

Example board games

Examples Play-by-mail games

Example computer games

Mainstream companies

Indie game developers

Open source games

See also

Strategy computer game

Abstract strategy

Simulation

Real-time strategy

Turn-based

War game

City building

See also

Free software

Usage

History

Free software licenses

Examples of free software

Social significance of free software

Individual motivations

Relative security

Free software controversies

See also

External links

Source code

Purposes

Organization

Licensing

Legal issues

Quality

Reference

See also

External links

Category:Open source games

Richard Burns

Biografie

Overwinningen in het World Rally Championship

Wereldkampioen

Rally-zeges

Externe links

History